TEACHER EDUCATION IN NIGERIA IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF...

Northeast Normal University MASTERS PROGRAM FACAULTY OF EDUCATION RESEARCH ON TEACHER EDUCATION TOPIC: TEACHER EDUCATION IN NIGERIA IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF LIFE-LONG EDUCATION LECTURER: PROF. RAO CONG-MAN et al PRESENTER: DIDAM BANENAT DATE: JUNE, 2013. CONTENTS An overview of Nigeria Introduction Educational Structure of Nigeria Management of the Educational System Genesis of Teacher Education in Nigeria Colleges of Education in Nigeria The National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) The National Teachers’ Institution (NTI) Kaduna Lifelong Education Policy and Practice vis-à  -vis Lifelong Education Lifelong Teacher Education Model The Challenges to Teacher Education Suggestions for†¦show more content†¦Management of the Educational System Education in Nigeria is the shared responsibility of the federal, state and local governments. The Federal Ministry of Education plays a dominant role in regulating the education sector, engaging in policy formation and ensuring quality control. However, the federal government is more directly involved with tertiary education than it is with school education, which is largely the responsibility of state (secondary) and local (primary) governments. The education sector is divided into three sub-sectors: basic (nine years), post-basic/senior secondary (three years), and tertiary (four to seven years, depending on the major or course of study). Education in Nigeria is provided by public and private institutions. Education is placed on the concurrent legislative list in the 1999 constitution that provides the legal framework for educational management in Nigeria. This implies that both Federal and State governments have legislative jurisdiction and corresponding functional responsibiliti es with respect to education. By this arrangement, a few functions are exclusively assigned to the Federal or State government, most of the functions and responsibilities are in fact shared by the three tiers of government. Statutorily, the Federal Ministry of Education (FME) is at the apex of the regulation and management of education in the country and to discharge this mandate, the ministry isShow MoreRelatedManagement of Primary and Secondary Education in Nigeria3470 Words   |  14 PagesManagement of Primary and Secondary Education in Nigeria Table of Contents ` Page Table of Contents:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iv Opening Address: Professor Ayodele Falase †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ viii Welcome Address: Professor D.F. Elaturoti†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ x Goodwill Address: Professor E.G. Fagbamiye †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ xii Goodwill Address: J.B. Babalola †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xvi Management of Secondary School Education in Nigeria: Problems and Challenges — W.O. Ibukun .........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 The Organization and ManagementRead MorePerspective on Education in Nigeria2851 Words   |  12 PagesPerspectives on the History of Education in Nigeria, 2008 INDIGENOUS AFRICAN EDUCATION Dr. (Mrs.) A. A. Jekayinfa General Principles of Education Education is a universal process occurring in all human societies involving a society passed on its culture, that is the social, ethical, intellectual, artistic and industrial attainments of the group by which it can be differentiated from another group. It therefore goes on informally and has deep roots in the environment in which it takesRead MoreHistory of Education in Northern Nigeria3189 Words   |  13 PagesHISTORY OF EDUCATION IN NORTHERN NIGERIA BY EMMANUEL IWUH/DI: 440 Being a Term Paper Submitted to the Philosophy Department of Dominican institute of Philosophy and Theology, Samonda Ibadan. (In affiliation to the university of Ibadan) In partial Fulfilment for the Award of Bachelor degree in Philosophy. COURSE: TEE/301 HISTORY OF NIGERIA EDUCATION LECTURER REV. FR. EMMANUEL OGU, OP (PhD) MAY, 2012. CONTENT Introduction 1. The word â€Å"education† 2. SpreadRead MoreBenefits Of Getting A Job Than High Educated Employees Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pagespossibly bump up frequency of society’s vices. In Nigeria, ‘Available data show that youth employment is very rampant in Nigeria and this has contributed immensely to their involvement in criminal activities. The paper argues that criminal activities such as armed robbery, kidnapping, political thuggery, militancy and other social vices found among the unemployed and jobless youths have contributed greatly to the slow pace of development in Nigeria’. The article of Forbes also says that the careerRead MoreSex Education in Nigeria7622 Words   |  31 Pagesgenerates html versions of documents as we crawl the web. Page 1 1AFRICA REGIONAL SEXUALITY RESOURCE CENTRE Understanding Human Sexuality Seminar Series 3Sexuality Education in Nigeria: Evolution, Challenges and Prospects ADUNOLA ADEPOJU (PhD) Department of Arts and Social Sciences Faculty of Education University of Lagos Nigeria Lagos, Nigeria March 24, 2005  © ARSRC 2005 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 2 2Introduction Ancient theories and ideologiesRead MoreReading Reflection1647 Words   |  7 Pageshow life experiences can shape your future and the choices you make. Not only did I learn things through the books and articles we have read, but also from my professor and his own life experiences that he was brave enough to share with the class. I have never had a teacher who wanted to share knowledge as much as O’Hara does, and for that I am extremely grateful that I was able to learn so much from someone who cares so much about his job and his students. I am able to benefit from teachers whoRead MoreInfluence of Pta on School Adminsitration11087 Words   |  45 PagesONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) is a formal organization composed of parents, teachers and staff that is intended to facilitate parental participation in a public or private school. Most public and private schools in Nigeria have a PTA, a Parent Teacher Organization. The goal of all parent-teacher groups is to support their schools, encourage parent involvement, support teachers, and organize family events. The school organization, administrationRead MoreMy Interest On Computer Science Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pagesunderstanding. Being a little kid, my access to computers were constrained, but nonetheless, I made the best out of every opportunity I had with them. Time flew by like a dove as I suddenly began to grow in wisdom, and also began to understand what life is all about. Immediately I graduated from high school, I applied for a 3-month full-time computer training before making any preparation for college. Unbeknownst to me, I was actually on a direct path to discovering my true potential in computer scienceRead MoreStudy of the Influence of Teacher Effectiveness19283 Words   |  78 PagesCHAPTER ONE 1.1 Background to the study As a teacher in the secondary school system in Nigeria for many years, experience has shown that, there are two categories of teachers – the good or effective teachers, and the bad or ineffective teachers’ observable from among teachers in the school system. The effective teachers are perceived to be fully equipped naturally and professionally to lead their students to success in competitive standardized tests, as well as inculcate in them, values that wouldRead MoreTeachers Welfare and Its Effect on Workers Productivity6122 Words   |  25 PagesChapter One Introduction Background of the study Teachers account for the majority of spending on education provided by schools: on average 64% in developed countries (OECD, 2007a) and often running to over 90% in developing and transition countries. Research evidence indicates that, apart from the student’s family background, the single most important factor in determining variability in student attainment within any single country is teacher quality (Hanushek, 2005). Therefore, the institutional

Harassment And Discrimination Of Homosexuals Education Essay Free Essays

Homosexuals are capable to more harassment and favoritism than any other minority because straight persons frequently view homosexualism as a pick. Harmonizing to Charlie Bradley, a newsman for Associated Content, homophiles are frequently the mark of violent hatred offenses because of homophobia, dogmatism, spiritual persecution, fright and ignorance. Such ill will, if non controlled, can take to violence such as hate offenses and self-destruction. We will write a custom essay sample on Harassment And Discrimination Of Homosexuals Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Harmonizing to Janet Fontaine, one in three stripling self-destructions is caused by issues with sexual individuality. Students frequently have emotional, societal and psychological issues because they do non hold the same protection from torment as heterosexual pupils. Homosexuals are four to five times more likely to go down than straight persons when covering with issues with their gender. Adolescents spend two-thirds of their twenty-four hours at school, so jobs like torment at school will go important adequate to impact the remainder of their day-to-day life. My solution to this job is to supply protection and guidance of LGBT pupils in our secondary public school systems. There are several ways to carry through this, such as making a safe zone or a gay/straight confederation, one-on-one guidance with a professionally trained counsellor to help LGBT pupils with their peculiar state of affairss, recommending active protection from instructors, parents, and decision makers and ma king policies to protect these pupils from favoritism and torment. Exposing striplings to a support system will let them to construct healthy relationships, non merely in school but besides in mundane life. A better apprehension of who precisely is a â€Å" sexual minority † is the footing for understanding issues which LGBT pupils experience. â€Å" Sexual minority † in this essay is defined as any stripling with a sexual individuality that stands in resistance to rigorous heterosexualism. Anastasia Hansen describes LGBT pupils as anyone who identifies as sapphic, homosexual, bisexual, or transgender, engages in homosexual behaviour, or experiences same-sex attractive force ( Hansen 1 ) . Identifying as a homosexual, nevertheless, can take to persecution. Further, I find a better apprehension of what constitutes strong-arming to be good to acknowledging the difference between â€Å" badgering † and torment. Dan Olweus, who developed the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, defines strong-arming in his book Bullying: What We Know and What We Can Make every bit, â€Å" A individual is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over clip, to negative actions on the portion of one or more other individuals, and he or she has trouble supporting himself or herself. † Strong-arming leads to societal and physiological issues every bit good as force. On February 12, 2008, Brandon McInerney told another pupil to â€Å" state good-bye to Larry because you will ne’er see him once more. † Larry King, an openly homosexual pupil, was sitting in the E.O. Green School computing machine lab when McInerney shot him twice in the caput at blunt scope. Two yearss subsequently, King died in a local infirmary after being on life-support for several yearss. McInerney had harassed King in the yesteryear ; the school ne’er stepped in to set a halt to the torment. Cases like this are what make people think, â€Å" Why did n’t anyone protect him? How can we forestall this from go oning to our kids? † It is the occupation of instructors, decision makers, and staff to actively listen to how pupils talk to each other. A individual of authorization must do it really clear that torment is unacceptable and will be purely punished. They must protect our pupils. Teachers spend more clip with our kids than any other decision maker in schools and they must play an active function in protecting our LGBT pupils from strong-arming and torment. The hours each twenty-four hours that they spend with our pupils gives them equal clip to measure a kid ‘s province of head. They must pay attending to what our pupils are stating and making to each other. This would forestall tease and torment from intensifying to battles and assault. With the work burden a instructor experiences, this is frequently a really hard undertaking. Teachers merely must listen to a kid ‘s ailment of being bullied and take action ( Birkett, Espelage, Koeing 991 ) . If a instructor finds a pupil is holding a job with another pupil, a instructor needs to instantly inform the parents and decision makers. The following class would be disciplinary action. The instructor so can make up one’s mind whether the LGBT pupil should have extra aid through guidance. Students must accommodate to a batch of force per unit areas. LGBT pupils, in peculiar, trade with normal equal force per unit area every bit good as issues of being a sexual minority. Students of a sexual minority are pressured towards heterosexual relationships because that is what is perceived to be normal. Students may deny their gender, isolate themselves, and experience depression. Students with reding place positive ways to pass on feelings and are more disposed to develop healthy relationships ( Zubernis and Snyder 2 ) . It is a counsellor ‘s function to make a safe environment at school and protect all LGBT pupils from the frequently hostile homophobic political orientation that other pupils and instructors possess. A counsellor can recommend alteration in the current policies a school possess to explicitly protect LGBT pupils from torment, favoritism, and force. Teachers should work with parents in protecting our pupils. Parents should besides actively listen to their kids. If a kid complains of being bullied, they should reach the instructor and decision makers to discourse what should be done to relieve the job ( Olweus ) . Stairss should be taken to advocate both pupils involved and disciplinary action should be taken. At times, instructors and decision makers deny there is a job. This inactive attitude will let the torment to intensify to violent hate offenses and the â€Å" bully † would see that is behavior is acceptable and go on. If the school decision makers refuse to take action, I would propose the parent contact school board members to recommend alteration in school policies. Parents and instructors can protect an single pupil in their schoolroom, but they do non ever have the power to alter regulations and ordinances to protect all pupils. Administrators must recommend for regulations sing torment to protect all pupils, including LGBT pupils. Administrators should besides back up pupils in making nines, confederations and particular involvement groups to back up LGBT pupils. I have found in my research a deficiency of published composing about how a pupil or decision maker can physically amend or alter policies to protect LGBT pupils. In malice of deficiency of published authorship, The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program was developed by the authorities of Norway to make an intercession plan ; it was studied on much of the population. The plan began by developing parents on how to acknowledge when your kid is being bullied. They made a program of the school so there would be no blind-spots for strong-arming outside a instructor ‘s ticker. If a kid continued to hassle other kids, he or she was removed from the school, given behavior alteration preparation, and transferred to another school. After 20 months, at the terminal of the survey, the Norse authorities confirmed that strong-arming jobs were reduced by about 50 per centum. A instructor can besides help in the organisation of nines and confederations giving pupils a â€Å" safe infinite † to travel to. A Gay/Straight Alliance would give homosexual and heterosexual pupils a topographic point to develop positive relationships in a merriment, mellow environment. Gay/Straight Alliances give LGBT pupils a â€Å" safe infinite † to have equal mediation and guidance. These plans are unfastened to any pupil who identifies as an LGBT pupil or has an involvement in back uping other LGBT pupils and altering policies that do non back up and protect LGBT pupils from favoritism and torment ( Lee 20 ) . Harmonizing to a survey done by Eugene Wall of University of Denver, there are a figure of ways all pupils benefit from Gay/Straight Alliances. In his survey, he found the dropout rate, general torment, sexual torment, the feeling of an insecure environment, transporting of arms, and frequent absences are higher in schools without Gay/Straight Alliances than schools with them ( Wall 5-7 ) . Gay/Straight Alliances frequently have school patrons who have particular preparation to help LGBT pu pils develop positive attitudes toward their gender. These counsellors are normally trained in psychological science and possible gender surveies. These counsellors assist pupils with school and calling advice every bit good as issues with their gender. The Gay/Straight Alliance patron would besides be available to measure an LGBT pupil ‘s province of head. If a pupil becomes down or experiences anxiousness, the patron could find if he or she is in demand of extra support through guidance. Patrons will besides hold an active function as an militant in altering policies to protect LGBT pupils. Detailss of policies protecting pupils from favoritism are frequently wide. Most policies province that pupils can non be discriminated against based on their race, ethnicity, faith, etc. The â€Å" etc, † nevertheless, does non ever include LGBT pupils. Students in schools that do non possess policies to protect LGBT pupils are more likely to hold cases of torment and force. Chesir-Teran and Hughes besides claim that pupils of schools that have organisation and policies to protect them have fewer studies of torment and force and pupils are â€Å" more likely to comprehend their school environment as safe, tolerant, and respectful toward a sexual minority person † ( Chesir-Teran and Hughes 3 ) . This feeling of regard and safety is what encourages a pupil to go on to keep good classs and attend school on a regular basis. Students who are involved in a positive environment are less likely to develop depression, anxiousness, and psychological jobs. Gay/Straight Alliance and reding give LGBT pupils a safe topographic point when they find grownups they can swear. Schools that possess policies to protect pupils have fewer cases of favoritism, torment, and violent hatred offenses. Merely when we wholly change the manner decision makers control their pupils and schools will LGBT pupils experience wholly safe within their school walls. With aid from pupils, instructors, and decision makers, schools can go the safe, comfy larning environment it is meant to be. How to cite Harassment And Discrimination Of Homosexuals Education Essay, Essay examples

Concert Review Papers free essay sample

All papers must be written In clear prose, Including complete sentences with correct spelling and punctuation. Papers must be at least two pages, double-spaced, using a maximum font size of 10 points (or Times New Roman 12 pat. ). All papers must be submitted by the beginning of class on the due date, or a grade of F will be given for the assignment. Spelling and grammatical errors will adversely affect the grade. Live Performance Review The subject of this review will be a live Jazz performance which you have attended this semester. Eligible performances would include nightclub appearances as well as aroma concerts.The performance must be that of a Jazz artist or group. Performances by blues bands or other Jazz-related, but not actually Jazz groups are not eligible subjects for this paper. If In doubt as to the appropriateness/illegibility of a given performance, please consult your Instructor. Information concerning live Jazz performances can be found at: http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Concert Review Papers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All-Star. TV http://www. Lazy. Com http://www. Metronome. Com http://www. Jazzier. Com/article/review-4902. HTML ask General Information: The Live Performance Review should be a minimum of two pages, thoroughly roofed, treating a live jazz performance as described above.Be sure to describe the music in terms of the categories and musical techniques outlined in the course content In addition to whatever you feel is significant to report about your experience, you must also provide: Name of leader or ensemble Names of sidemen/group members and their Instruments Name of performance venue Type of venue (nightclub, concert hall, arena, outdoor stage. Etc. ) Number of sets (shows) you heard Your subjective impression of the venue and audience For at least one composition/song you heard: Title (if identified and/or recognized)

Social Security Problem Essays - Price Indices, Social Security

Social Security Problem Nature of the Problem Social Security is not a problem right now; in fact, it runs a large surplus every year. However, Americans are living longer, and drawing more Social Security payments than they ever put in. Early in the next century, we will be paying out more than we take in, and Social Security will have to dip into its surplus, which is currently used by the federal government for other spending. When the last of the baby boomers retire, the payroll tax would have to almost double to maintain benefits. This creates an undue burden on Generation X-ers, and solutions need to be found to prevent this from happening. II. The Solution * Citizens should be given a choice on whether or not they wish to invest their own Social Security funds in a high-yield bank account, or the stock market. Right now, the average American has withdrawn all he has put into Social Security within 7 years of retirement. This forces the everyday worker to support those currently on Social Security with his payments. Whoever is still in the work force should be given the opportunity to do with their money as they see fit. If someone feels that they are unable to invest wisely in the stock market, there are other options available. For instance, and perhaps the simplest, is to invest the funds into a money-market account, which will on average receive 1-1 1/2% more interest than a traditional savings account. From the time the average American starts working - say 16 or 17 - till the time he retires, there will be a lot of money that has accumulated in this account. Another option is a tax-sheltered annuity. This is an option available to anyone - as long as they have an investment broker - to take a certain amount of money from their paycheck, tax free, and have it invested and re-in! vested in stocks and bonds. It can be cashed out at any times. Many banks offer tax-sheltered annuities for a moderate commission. The last, and most risky option, is to invest the funds in the stock market. This is done preferably for national security reasons. For instance, if the government bought stock in mass quantities, a bull market could be created, and the market could crash, and the government could potentially lose billions of dollars. However, every American is not going to invest in the stock market, and those who do are not going to buy the massive quantities of stock that the federal government would. This would provide a lot more safety for those investing, and if the market did crash, citizens could not sue the federal government for the loss of their money. * Retirement age should be raised to 70. When Franklin D. Roosevelt created Social Security amidst the Great Depression, the average American could only expect to live to the age of 60. The retirement age was set at 65. So on the average, most people never would live to collect their Social Security. Today, the average American can expect to live to the age of 76. That is a huge life expectancy change, and Social Security policy should be changed to reflect it. By setting the retirement age at 76, we are giving our average senior citizen 6 years to enjoy his retirement, while policy makers of the past gave him -5 years. This should take effect by the fifth fiscal year after its passage in Congress. * Adjust the CPI by -1.1% Right now, the CPI (Consumer Price Index), which is used to measure the level of inflation, overestimates inflation by 1.1 percentage points. Since the CPI dictates how much Social Security payments must increase throughout the year due to inflation, any over-estimation would cost the government billions of dollars. By reducing the CPI by 1.1%, the federal government would save $1 trillion over 12 years. * Means-Test Social Security Social Security is an entitlement program, which means that government funds are automatically provided to people that meet certain criteria. Social Security is an entitlement program in that anyone over the age of 65 qualifies, regardless of their income. 40% of retired persons depend on Social Security as their only means of income. However, people like Ross Perot, and Bill Gates, and other multi-millionaires, are eligible for social security. What means-testing refers to is that if someone did not need Social Security, they would not be eligible to get it. Those who can support themselves through retirement at $50,000 a

Middle School Essay About Challenge Sample

Middle School Essay About Challenge SampleBefore you write your essay about challenge in middle school, you might want to read the essay sample and see how to structure the topic. You might want to get a little advice from it if you are not sure of how to write a middle school essay about challenge. You can get a better idea of how to construct your own essay by reading this sample essay.Middle school is an important part of your educational life, but it also can be very stressful. Writing essays about this subject is especially challenging because of the format and structure that middle school students typically face. As you read the middle school essay about challenge sample, you will quickly notice that the topics of homework and problem solving are the focus of the essay. While many essays contain topics such as math, science, and literature, they do not focus on them as specifically as the middle school essay.There are several ways to go about writing a middle school essay about challenge. You could start with an essay about homework and problem solving. Write an essay about how the student's homework has helped them to learn and grow. Do not spend too much time on the homework and problems. Instead, give emphasis to what the child has learned through their homework and how they have used that information.If you choose to write an essay about challenge in middle school, include personal experiences and opinions in the essay. Even though personal experiences will help, you should choose a topic that has some general acceptance or common opinion. You can use the essay to support a cause. You can also use it to offer praise for a classmate. Just do not end up talking about you.In your middle school essay about challenge, you must include a short paragraph about each child's opinions on the issue. There should be no personal attacks, name calling, orname calling of one child or another. The essay should provide facts that can be researched and verified by the parent or school administrator.In your middle school essay about challenge, the focus should be on how each child has dealt with the challenges. They should mention the ways that the challenges have helped them learn and grow. In addition, the essay should describe how they took the challenges and solved them. It is very important to provide a detailed description of each event. However, do not discuss all of the issues in detail.Many people are surprised to find out that essays about challenge or challenging in elementary school can be just as challenging as those in middle school. The same rules apply to all students. Do not attempt to make too many connections between one event and another. Keep it simple and factual so that the essay will be accepted and understood by the students.Use the middle school essay about challenge sample to get tips and guidelines on how to write a middle school essay about challenge. Take note of all the factors that are discussed in the sample essay and you will be able to use the tips to write the type of essay that you need to write.

The Shailendra Kingdom of Java

The Shailendra Kingdom of Java In the 8th century CE, a Mahayana Buddhist kingdom sprang up on the central plain of Java, now in Indonesia. Â  Soon, glorious Buddhist monuments flowered across the Kedu Plain - and the most incredible of them all was the massive stupa of Borobudur. Â  But who were these great builders and believers? Â  Unfortunately, we do not have many primary historical sources about the Shailendra Kingdom of Java. Â  Here is what we know, or suspect, about this kingdom. Like their neighbors, the Srivijaya Kingdom of the island of Sumatra, the Shailendra Kingdom was a great ocean-going and trading empire. Â  Also known as a thalassocracy, this form of government made perfect sense for a people located at the linch-pin point of the great Indian Ocean maritime trade. Â  Java is midway between the silks, tea, and porcelains of China, to the east, and the spices, gold, and jewels of India, to the west. Â  In addition, of course, the Indonesian islands themselves were famous for their exotic spices, sought after all around the Indian Ocean basin and beyond. Archaeological evidence suggests, however, that the people of Shailendra did not rely entirely upon the sea for their living. Â  The rich, volcanic soil of Java also yielded bountiful harvests of rice, which could have been consumed by the farmers themselves or traded to passing merchant ships for a tidy profit. Â   Where did the Shailendra people come from? Â  In the past, historians and archaeologists have suggested various points of origin for them based on their artistic style, material culture, and languages. Â  Some said they came from Cambodia, others India, still others that they were one and the same with the Srivijaya of Sumatra. Â  It seems most likely, however, that they were native to Java, and were influenced by far-flung Asian cultures through the sea-borne trade. Â  The Shailendra seem to have emerged around the year 778 CE. Interestingly, at that time there was already another great kingdom in Central Java. Â  The Sanjaya dynasty was Hindu rather than Buddhist, but the two seem to have gotten along well for decades. Â  Both also had ties with the Champa Kingdom of the Southeast Asian mainland, the Chola Kingdom of southern India, and with Srivijaya, on the nearby island of Sumatra. The ruling family of Shailendra does seem to have intermarried with the rulers of Srivijaya, in fact. Â  For example, the Shailendra ruler Samaragrawira made a marriage alliance with the daughter of a Maharaja of Srivijaya, a woman called Dewi Tara. Â  This would have cemented trade and political ties with her father, the Maharaja Dharmasetu. For around 100 years, the two great trading kingdoms in Java seem to have peacefully coexisted. Â  However, by the year 852, the Sanjaya seem to have pushed the Sailendra out of Central Java. Â  Some inscriptions suggest that the Sanjaya ruler Rakai Pikatan (r. 838 - 850) overthrew the Shailendra king Balaputra, who fled to the Srivijaya court in Sumatra. Â  According to legend, Balaputra then took power in Srivijaya. Â  The last known inscription mentioning any member of the Shailendra dynasty is from the year 1025, when the great Chola emperor Rajendra Chola I launched a devastating invasion of Srivijaya, and took the last Shailendra king back to India as a hostage. It is terribly frustrating that we do not have more information about this fascinating kingdom and its people. Â  After all, the Shailendra were quite obviously literate - they left inscriptions in three different languages, Old Malay, Old Javanese, and Sanskrit. Â  However, these carved stone inscriptions are fairly fragmentary, and dont provide a very complete picture of even the kings of Shailendra, let alone the daily lives of ordinary people. Thankfully, though, they did leave us the magnificent Borobudur Temple as a lasting monument to their presence in Central Java.

French Exercise - Si Clause Threads, Second Conditional

French Exercise - Si Clause Threads, Second Conditional This practice exercise can be done as a class or in small groups. It requires familiarity with the second conditional (si clauses), including imperfect and conditional conjugations. What to Do Print out a table for each group (see below).Write the first part of a conditional sentence beginning with si (see suggestions below) in the first table cell. Since this is the second conditional, the si clause needs to be in the imperfect. Invent a result clause, using the conditional, for the second cell.For example: Next, transform the result clause into a si clause and write it in the first column of the second row. (Remember that the verb which was in the conditional now needs to be in the imperfect.) Then invent a corresponding result clause to continue the thread. If clause Result clause Si je gagnais au loto, jachterais une nouvelle voiture. Si je gagnais au loto, jachterais une nouvelle voiture. Si jachetais une nouvelle voiture, je la mnerais lcole. Transform the second result clause into a si clause, and so on, until you have completed the thread. Si je gagnais au loto, jachterais une nouvelle voiture. Si jachetais une nouvelle voiture, je la mnerais lcole. Si je la menais lcole, les autres tudiants madmireraient. Si les autres tudiants madmiraient, ils minviteraient djeuner. To make sure students understand the exercise, start by demonstrating on the board: write a si clause and call on students as you go through the entire thread collectively. Then divide the class into groups of 2 to 4 students and provide each group with an if clause, or have them come up with their own. After each group has completed their thread, either have students read them out loud, or - if there are likely to be a lot of mistakes, as in the case of weaker students - collect the papers and read the threads out loud yourself, either correcting them as you read, or writing the sentences on the board and going over them together. Variations To challenge students creativity, have each group start with the same si clause, and then compare how each one turned out at the end.Assign a different si clause to each group, and after they have each completed one row of the table, have them trade with another group. Each group will then complete the clause in the other groups tables, and then exchange once again with a third group.You can also use this exercise to practice the first conditional and the third conditional. Starter Clauses You and your students can of course invent your own if clauses,* but here are some ideas to get started: Si jallais la luneSi javais un souhaitSi je navais quune semaine vivreSi jà ©tais le prà ©sidentSi jà ©tais richeSi jà ©tais toiSi je faisais mes devoirs tous les joursSi je me cassais la jambeSi je me mariaisSi je pouvais faire la connaissance de nimporte qui dans le mondeSi je pouvais remonter dans le tempsSi je pouvais visiter nimporte quel paysSi je trouvais un portefeuille dans la rueSi je voyais un OVNI (objet volant non identifià ©)Sil y avait des formes de vie intelligente sur dautres planà ¨tesSi les chiens pouvaient parlerSi mon meilleur ami me mentaitSi notre professeur à ©tait en retardSi nous à ©tudiions ensembleSi nous savions le secret du bonheur *If you come up with a great starter clause, please share your ideas. Tables This exercise needs tables with two columns and four rows. Printable pages of tables are available in  Microsoft Word format; you can save and edit this if, for example, you want to type the starter if clause into the first cell of each table. Print enough copies so that you can cut them up and provide at least one table for each group of students. Si Clauses LessonFirst conditional practiceThird conditional practice